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1 Ῥωμαῖος
Ῥωμαῖος, α, ον pert. to the city of Rome or the Roman Empire, Roman subst. ὁ Ῥ. (Polyb.+) the Roman, the Roman citizen, pl. the Romans as a people or Roman citizens (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 26 §98 Ῥωμαίων πολῖται and Ῥωμαῖοι alternate) J 11:48; Ac 2:10; 16:21, 37f; 22:25–27, 29; 23:27 (on Rom. citizenship s. FSchulz, Rom. Registry of Births, JRS 32, ’42, 78–91; 33, ’43, 55–64 HTajra, The Trial of St Paul ’89, 81–89); 25:16; 28:17 (on Ac 16:37f; 22:25 s. μαστίζω). Phlm subscr. In the sense Roman Christians Ro ins. χωρίον Ῥωμαίων IRo ins (s. Hdb. ad loc.). ἡ Ῥωμαίων πόλις Rome (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 66, Ant. 19, 7) EpilMosq 4. ἡ Ῥωμαίων ἡγεμωνία the Roman empire AcPl Ha 9, 3 (cp. τὸ Ῥωμαίων κράτος).—RAC II, 779–86; BHHW III 1610f; EDNT. -
2 κληρουχία
κληρουχ-ία, ἡ,A apportionment of land in a foreign country among citizens,ἡ Σάμου κ. Arist.Rh. 1384b32
, cf. Plb.4.81.2, D.S.15.23; esp. to soldiers on the active list, PPetr.3p.163 (iii B.C.), PTeb.30.26(ii B.C.); = Lat. colonia, D.H.8.75, Plu.Flam.2.b in Roman Egypt, a numbered division of the land, PTeb. 343r.9 (ii A.D.), Sammelb.4414.5 (ii A.D.).2 collect., = οἱ κληροῦχοι, the body of citizens who receive such allotments,ἀποικίαις καὶ κληρουχίαις IG12.140.9
;κ. ἐκπέμπειν Isoc.4.107
(pl.);κ. ἔγραφεν Plu.Per.34
(pl.).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > κληρουχία
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3 πολιτεία
πολιτεία, ας, ἡ (πολίτης; Hdt.+; ins, pap; 2, 3, 4 Macc; TestAbr A 20 p. 104, 7 [Stone p. 56]; ApcMos prol.; Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat.)① the right to be a member of a sociopolitical entity, citizenship (Hdt. 9, 34; X., Hell. 1, 1, 26; 1, 2, 10; 4, 4, 6; Polyb. 6, 2, 12; Diod S 14, 8, 3; 14, 17, 3; Cyr. Ins. 57; 59; Gnomon [=BGU V 1] 47; 3 Macc 3:21, 23; Jos., Ant. 12, 119) lit., of Roman citizenship (Dio Chrys. 24 [41], 2 Ῥωμαίων π.; Ael. Aristid. 30, 10 K.=10 p. 117 D.; IG IV2/1, 84, 33 [40/42 A.D.]; Jos., Bell. 1, 194 and Vi 423 π. Ῥωμαίων.—WRamsay, The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor ’41) πολιτείαν ἐκτησάμην Ac 22:28.—In a transf. sense, this transl. is poss. (EHaupt, PEwald et al.) for Eph 2:12, but not very probable (s. 2 below).② a sociopolitical unit or body of citizens, state, people, body politic (Thu. 1, 127, 3; Pla., Rep. 10, 619c; Diod S 5, 45, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 19 §68; Just., A II, 10, 6) ἀπηλλοτριωμένοι τ. πολιτείας τοῦ Ἰσραήλ alienated from the people of Israel Eph 2:12 (so HvSoden, MDibelius, NRSV et al.; s. 1 above).③ behavior in accordance with standards expected of a respectable citizen, way of life, conduct (Athen. 1, 19a; Herm. Wr. in Stob. p. 486, 24 Sc. ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἄγριος πολιτεία; Ps.-Liban., Charact. Ep. p. 34, 2; 47, 8; 10; Biogr. p. 261; TestAbr A 20 p. 104, 7 [Stone p. 56]; ApcMos prol.; Just., A I, 4, 2 al.; Tat.) Dg 5:4; ἀγαθὴ πολ. MPol 13:2; ἡ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ἀνεπίληπτος πολ. 17:1; ἡ πανάρετος καὶ σεβάσμιος πολ. 1 Cl 2:8. οἱ πολιτευόμενοι τὴν ἀμεταμέλητον πολιτείαν τοῦ θεοῦ those who follow God’s way of life, that brings no regrets 54:4 (πολιτεύεσθαι πολιτείαν in Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 126 Jac. and in the Synagogue ins fr. Stobi [c. 100 A.D.] lines 6f: ZNW 32, ’33, 93f).—DELG s.v. πόλις. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
4 κλήρουχος
A one who held an allotment of land, esp. an allotment in a foreign country assigned him as a citizen, Hdt.5.77, Th.3.50, Aeschin.1.53, IG12.60.10, 22.114.9; esp. in Ptolemaic Egypt, holder of land by military tenure, PCair.Zen.3.6, 326.37, al. (iii B.C.), PSI4.344.7 (iii B.C.), PPetr.2p.4 (iii B.C.), etc.: metaph., μητέρα πολλῶν ἐτῶν κληροῦχον having old age for her lot, S.Aj. 508;Ἑρμῆ.. Φιλιππίδου κληροῦχε Alex.89
.4 in Roman Egypt, land-owner, landlord, PFay.82.19(ii A.D.), Sammelb. 7193rii 2 (ii A.D.), etc.II [voice] Pass., κ. γῆ land distributed in allotments, D.H.8.75.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > κλήρουχος
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5 συμμορία
A taxation-group of citizens at Athens, formed for the levy of εἰσφορά in 378/7 B.C., and later for the discharge of the τριηραρχία, in 357/6 B.C.; see D.14 ( περὶ τῶν ς.) passim, and cf. Clidem.8, Philoch.126, Ulp. ad D.2.29;στρατηγὸς ὁ ἐπὶ τὰς σ. ᾑρημένος IG22.1629.209
(325/4 B.C.), cf. Arist.Ath.61.1; ἡγεμὼν συμμορίας, = συμμοριάρχης, D.21.157, 28.4, Hyp.Fr. 147; ἐπιμελητὴς τῆς ς. D.47.22; μετοικικαὶ ς. IG22.244.26 (337/6 B.C.).2 a division of the Athenian fleet, X.HG1.7.30.3 a division of the people at Teos, CIG 3065-6 (ii B.C.); class of ἔφηβοι, PTeb.316.4, al. (i A.D.).4 a company in general, δειπνεῖν κατὰ ς. J.AJ5.7.3; αἱ Ἀσκληπιοῦ ς., of the medical profession, Aristid.2.20 J., cf. Lib. Or.1.44, 17.26, 20.3; a class at school, ἔστι τῆς σ. ὁ κράτιστος he is top of the class, Id.Ep.139.2.5 of the Roman classes in the Servian constitution, D.H.4.18.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > συμμορία
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6 ἰσοπολίτης
A enjoying equal political rights, τινὰς τοῖς Μακεδόσιν ποιήσας ἰ. J. AJ12.1.1, cf. LXX 3 Ma.2.30, GDI5183.25 ([place name] Crete), Inscr.Magn.34.28, al., IPE12.357.2 enjoying reciprocity of rights, of the citizens of Roman municipia, D.H.8.76:—fem. [suff] ἰσοπολῑτ-πολῖτις, ίτιδος, of cities enjoying such rights, αἱ ἰ. πόλεις,= municipia, App.BC1.10.3 equitable citizen, POxy.41.28 (iii/iv A.D.).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἰσοπολίτης
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7 λειτουργέω
λειτουργέω impf. ἐλειτούργουν; fut. λειτουργήσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐλειτούργησα (cp. Att. λεώς = λαός, q.v. + ἐργον; X.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 12:6 v.l.; TestLevi 3:5, TestAsh 2:2; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; on the spelling s. Mayser 127; Mlt-H. 76f) gener. ‘perform a public service, serve in a public office’ (in the Gr-Rom. world distinguished citizens were expected to serve in a variety of offices, including esp. as high priests, with all costs that such service involved, or to assume the costs of construction or maintenance of public buildings and production of dramas and games; for their services they would be recognized as people of exceptional merit [s. ἀρετή] or benefactors [s. εὐεργέτης]; but the word is also used of less prestigious activity SEG XXVI, 1392, 31 supply carts and mules; New Docs 1, 42–44) in our lit. almost exclusively of religious and ritual services both in a wider and a more restricted sense (SIG 717, 23f [100 B.C.] ἐλειτούργησαν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ εὐτάκτως; 736, 73; 74f λειτουργούντω τοῖς θεοῖς; 97f [92 B.C.]; PLond I, 33a, 3 p. 19 [II B.C.]; 41 B, 1; UPZ 42, 2 [162 B.C.]; 47, 3; BGU 1006, 10; LXX; EpArist 87; Dssm., B 137 [BS 140f]; Anz 346f; Danker, Benefactor [lit.]). Through the use of this term NT writers suggest an aura of high status for those who render any type of service.① to render special formal service, serve, render service, of cultic or ritual responsibilitiesⓐ of priests and Levites in God’s temple (cp. Ex 28:35, 43; 29:30; Num 18:2; Sir 4:14; 45:15; Jdth 4:14; 1 Macc 10:42; Philo, Mos. 2, 152; Jos., Bell. 2, 409, Ant. 20, 218) abs. Hb 10:11. λ. τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ τοῦ θεοῦ perform services at the altar of God 1 Cl 32:2 (cp. Jo 1:9, 13); (w. ἱερατεύειν as Sir 45:15) λ. τῷ θεῷ 43:4; GJs 4:1 (1 Km 3:1).—Of Christian services ἐν τ. θυσιαστηρίῳ λ. τὸ θεῖον perform service to God at the altar Tit 1:9 v.l.—Of officials of Christian congregations: λ. ἁμέμπτως τῷ ποιμνίῳ τοῦ Χριστοῦ serve Christ’s flock blamelessly 1 Cl 44:3. Of supervisors Hs 9, 27, 3. Of supervisors and servers λ. τὴν λειτουργίαν τῶν προφητῶν καὶ διδασκάλων perform the service of prophets and teachers D 15:1 (s. b, below on Ac 13:2.—λειτ. λ. Demosth. 21, 154; oft. in LXX; also Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 82; SIG 409, 61).—Of angels (TestLevi 3:5) τῷ θελήματι αὐτοῦ (sc. θεοῦ) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες they stand at (God’s) side and serve (God’s) will 1 Cl 34:5; cp. vs. 6 (Da 7:10 Theod.).ⓑ of other expression of religious devotion (Dionys. Hal. 2, 22, 2 ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερῶν of the wives of priests and their children who perform certain rites that would not be approved for males) including prayer (w. νηστεύειν, and of the prophets and teachers) τ. κυρίῳ Ac 13:2. λ. τῷ θεῷ (cp. Jo 1:13b) Hm 5, 1, 2; cp. 3; Hs 7:6. Of OT worthies οἱ τελείως λειτουργήσαντες those who have rendered superb service to God 1 Cl 9:2.② to confer a special material benefit, serve (X., Mem. 2, 7, 6; Chares Hist.: 125 Fgm. 4 p. 659, 28 Jac. [in Athen. 12, 54, 538e]; τῷ βίῳ λ. Orig., C. Cels. 8, 57, 1 and 6) ἐν τοῖς σαρκικοῖς λ. do a service in material things Ro 15:27—On this entry and the foll. one s. Elbogen 5; 511; FOertel, D. Liturgie, 1917; NLewis, Inventory of Compulsory Services in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ’68; WBrandt, D. Wortgruppe λειτουργεῖν im Hb u. 1 Kl: Jahrb. d. Theol. Schule Bethel 1, 1930, 145–76; OCasel, λειτουργία—munus: Oriens Christ. III 7, ’32, 289–302; EPeterson, Nuntius 2, ’49, 10f; ARomeo, Miscellanea Liturgica (LMohlberg Festschr.), vol. 2, ’49, 467–519; FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. ’72, 108ff.—S. λειτουργία, λειτουργικός, λειτουργός.—DELG s.v. λαός. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
8 ἀπογραφή
ἀπογραφή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἀπογράφω; Lysias, Pla. et al.; SIG 1023, 45 and 71; 1109, 34; 1157, 33, OGI 338, 11 and 34; very freq. pap; LXX, EpArist, Joseph.; Just., A I, 34, 2, D. 78, 4) administrative term ‘list, inventory’ of the statistical reports and declarations of citizens for the purpose of completing the tax lists and family registers (s. Mitt-Wilck. I/1 175f; 178; 202ff; 225ff, I/2 198ff, esp. 202, the census edict of C. Vibius Maximus, 104 A.D. [=PLond III, 904, 25f, restored]; on this Dssm., LO 231f [LAE 268f]). Lk 2:2 the word means census, registration, of the census taken by Quirinius. Joseph. puts a census taken by Q. in 6/7 A.D. (cp. Jos., Bell. 7, 253, Ant. 18, 3). Presumably Ac 5:37 ἐν τ. ἡμέραις τ. ἀπογραφῆς also refers to this census. The chronology is full of problems, on which see the handbooks. See Schürer I 399–427 (lit.); Ramsay, Bearing 238ff; Zahn, Lk 129–35 and Exk. IV; EKlostermann, Hdb. on Lk 2:1–3; M-JLagrange, RB n.s. 8, 1911, 60–84; EGroag, Prosopogr. Beitr. VII (JÖAI 21/22, 1924 Beiblatt, cols. 445–78); HWindisch, NThT 16, 1927, 106–24; AvPremerstein, Ztschr. d. Savigny-Stiftg. f. Rechtsgeschichte 48, 1928, Rom. Abt. 449ff; LRTaylor, AJP 54, ’33, 120–33; RSyme, The Roman Revolution ’39, 397–401; ESeraphin, CBQ 7, ’45, 91–96; FHauck, Theol. Hndkomm., Lk p. 37; Goodsp., Probs. 71f; MHombert-CPréaux, Recherches sur le recensement dans l’Egypte romaine, ’52; EStauffer, Jesus, Gestalt u. Geschichte, ’57, Die Dauer des Census Augusti: Studien zum NT u. zur Patristik, ’61, 9–34; HInstinsky, D. Jahr der Geburt Christi, ’57; HBraunert, Historia 6, ’57, 192–214, Cives Romani und ΚΑΤʼ ΟΙΚΙΑΝ ΑΠΟΓΡΑΦΑΙ: Antidoron MDavid in Papyrologica Lugd.-Bat. vol. 17, ’68, 11–21 (lit.; EStauffer, Festschr. Klostermann ’61, 9ff; JThorley, The Nativity Census: What Does Luke Actually Say?: Greece and Rome, ser. 2, 26, ’79, 81–84; Haenchen ad loc.; BPalme, ProBib 2, ’93, 1–24). S. also on ἡγεμονεύω and Κυρήνιος.—Boffo, Iscrizioni 182f (lit.). New Docs 6, 115–19. DELG s.v. γράφω. M-M.
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